This book is the product of a research project meant to address certain issues of complicity in international criminal law. It started after a street encounter in 2007 with Dean Asbjørn Strandbakken of the Law Faculty, University of Bergen (UiB), who encouraged me to apply for a postdoctoral position. I was at the time enjoying my professional life as a judge at the Gulating High Court for the western parts of Norway. I was generously granted leave for three and a half years by the chief justice of Gulating, Bjørn Solbakken, and by the Norwegian Court Administration, to under-take the project. The research formed part of a larger project at the Law Faculty (UiB), financed by the Research Council of Norway and led by Professor Erling Johannes Husabø. I am grateful to several people at the Law Faculty for their continuous support during the research period. I am also happy to have had the chance to visit the international courts in The Hague and to take a most interesting trip to Arusha, Tanzania, to visit the Rwanda tribunal. At the tribunal I was well taken care of by Judge Erik Møse and his staff, as well as by acting chief of prosecutions Richard Karegyesa, Iain Morley, and several of their colleagues.